Amelia Earhart Essay - 810 Words

Amelia Earhart is a legend in America for flying the airplane. She had a passion for planes that went beyond a hobby. Other than flying she also wrote a few books and developed a fashion trend of flight clothes. She had many accomplishments in her life time from going to college to being the first women to solo over the Atlantic. Amelia Earhart is known in the American perception as one of the worlds most famous aviators. Amelia remains an icon of the power and perseverance of American women, and the adventurous spirit so essential to the American persona. Amelia Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas on July 24th, 1897 to Edwin and Amy Earhart. Amelia learned to read at age five and started building stuff with her hands around seven.†¦show more content†¦By the fall of 1929 Amelia was elected as an official for National Aeronautic Association. In June of 1930 she set the women’s speed record for 100 kilometers with no load, and with a load of 500 kilograms. A month la ter, she set a speed record of 181.18 over a 3k course. Around April of 1931, she set an altitude record for the autogyros of 18,415 feet that stood for years. In May 1932 Amelia flew solo across the Atlantic. As well, in August she flew solo nonstop coast to coast and set women’s nonstop transcontinental speed record. By fall of 1932, she was elected president of the Ninety Nines which is a woman’s aviation club that she helped to form. By July of 1933, Amelia set a new transcontinental speed record in seventeen hours and seven minutes which was two hours less than the previous. On January 11th, 1935 she flew from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California, making her the first person to fly solo in the Pacific. Later that year she was the first to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark. Also in 1935, she got a job with the faculty of Purdue University as a female career consultant which enabled her to fulfill her dream of circumnavigating the globe by air. In Jun e 1937 right before her 40th birthday she was ready for a final challenge. Amelia and Fred Noonan departed on June 1st for the 29,000 mile journey. On June 29th they landed in Lae, New Guinea, all but 7,000 miles of their journey had been completed. On July 2ndShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Amelia Earhart. In 1897, Amelia Earhart887 Words   |  4 PagesThe adventures of Amelia Earhart In 1897, Amelia Earhart was born to Amy Otis and Edwin Stanton Earhart. She grew up with her younger sister. They were raised in Kansas and Iowa. Amelia began to read books by Charles Dickens, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, and William Makepeace Thackeray. As young children Amelia and her sister loved to pretend that they were on their own adventures. Once her family moved to Minnesota, they were separated from their father due to his enormous drinking problem.Read MoreEssay on Amelia Earhart538 Words   |  3 Pages Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart had the courage and independence to do anything she wanted to do. This includes crossing the Atlantic Ocean on a plane and sharing her visions for aviation and women. She inspired many, formed the first women aviator’s association, and she tried to fly around the world. That is why I think that Amelia Earhart has made a difference. And as I have said, Amelia Earhart has certainly affected many people. Amelia Earhart inspired many women to follow their ambitionsRead MoreEssay on Amelia Earhart1497 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding the American aviation pioneer and women’s rights advocate, Amelia Mary Earhart. Born on July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas, Amelia Earhart from an early age began to show leadership skills as well as a tendency to cause mischief. Nicknamed Meeley by her parents, she would often misbehave with her sister, Grace Muriel, who acted as her dutiful follower. Their upbringing was rather unconventional because Amy Earhart, Amelia’s mother, did not believe in molding her children into nice littleRead More Amelia Earhart Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Perhaps no name is as symbolic of aerospace achievement as the American aviator Amelia Earhart. She became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air and the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone. She was also the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross. Her accomplishmen ts as a pilot set standards for all fliers for years to come. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Amelia Mary Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897. She referred to herself as â€Å"AE†.Read MoreThe Case Of Amelia Earhart1547 Words   |  7 Pagescaution. Because of the dangers of misinformation, learning how to investigate and not rely upon generalizations and conspiracies about historical events and people is necessary in an age where instant information is a best seller. In the case of Amelia Earhart, so many ideas and conspiracies convolute the true events surrounding her disappearance. For this reason, historical accuracy is absolutely necessary if one is to reach a logical conclusion about her demise. As George Santayana says, â€Å"ThoseRead MoreAmelia Earhart : Why Is Earhart So Important?1745 Words   |  7 PagesAmelia Mary Earhart Why is Amelia Earhart so important to women? What did she do that was so incredible and inspiring? What happened to Amelia Earhart? Answers have been sought for years and many theories have been written. Amelia was the was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean and attempt a flight around the globe. Despite her childhood struggles and financial problems, she continued to reach her goals and be successful. A lot of women are inspired by her because no matterRead MoreThe Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum1689 Words   |  7 Pages Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum This immersive historical experience tells the full story of the most notable aviatrix the world has ever known. She was a best selling author, founder of the female aviation organization the Ninety Nines, and the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart is of course most notable for her Perdue funded attempt to circumnavigate the globe in her Lockheed Model 10 Electra, which she of course did not complete and has been the subject ofRead MoreThe Disappearance Of Amelia Earhart1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Disappearance of Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart left quite an impression on the world. From being the first woman to fly across the Atlantic to even setting a speed record of 181 miles per hour, Earhart was a figure to look up to. When she disappeared, she was attempting to become the first person to fly around the world. Her disappearance has always been a mystery and it will continue to be one for as long as we live. However, new evidence has brought up the suggestion that maybe she crashedRead MoreMary Of Arc And Amelia Earhart1022 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the course of history there have not been many warrior women. Helen of Troy, Joan of Arc and Amelia Earhart are few of the women that we can consider warrior women. In todays’ society warrior women run Fortune 500 companies, hold important seats in politics, are inventors in technology and in science which were thought to be male dominate professions. Warrior women have sacrificed a lot to be part of the elite group. Warrior women have sacrifice d many of their feminine values instead ofRead MoreEssay about Amelia Earhart Biography1395 Words   |  6 PagesAmelia Earhart Many fantastic aviators have shown their talents throughout the centuries. Americans have been fascinated, time after time, with the ability to fly. One woman in particular took her fascinations and abilities and became one of the greatest aviators of her time. Amelia Earhart was a very famous, record-setting woman aviator. Amelia, while on her around the world flight in 1937, disappeared and left many people, even today, trying to figure out what happened to her. Amelia Earhart

Internship Report on Ztbl - 20418 Words

Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 1 â€Å"INTRODUCTION TO REPORT† 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the premier financial institution geared towards the development of agriculture sector by providing financial products and services to their customers. It is a common practice at universities during the completion of the masters and bachelors program to attain practical experience in different fields. Students are required to undergo an internship program of two months to fulfill the requirement for their degree completion. The selection of the firm is based on the choice of the student. The institute requires an internship report based on the theoretical and practical†¦show more content†¦To analyze the bank through different analysis such as Ratio SWOT analysis. ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the conducting this study is given as under; It is a compulsory requirement for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in ïÆ'Ëœ Business Administration from the Kohat University of Science Technology. ïÆ'Ëœ This report is concerned with the performance, functions and objectives of the â€Å"Finance Accounts Division of the ZTBL† Head Office Islamabad. ïÆ'Ëœ ZTBL. ïÆ'Ëœ It can provide help to the management of the ZTBL in identifying their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. ïÆ'Ëœ It can also provide assistance for the students in seeking annual reports for the purpose to calculate and interpret financial ratios, in order to check the liquidity, leverage and profitability of the ZTBL. ïÆ'Ëœ Further more, students are able to analyze the human resources analyze the marketing of products and services schemes that the ZTBL provide his customers. It will help the students in making assignments and writing reports on the 1.4. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY Banks play a central and very important role in the economic life of a country, that’s why they are considered as the lifeblood of modern economy. Today no one can deny the importance of banking in the economy. They facilitate and expedite 3 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.

Management History Module Free Essays

Exercises  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–1 Multiple choice †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whereas _____________ is concerned with Whereas the means of getting things done, _____________ is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Management History Module or any similar topic only for you Order Now or a. effectiveness; efficiency b. efficiency; effectiveness c. effectiveness; goal attainment d. goal attainment; efficiency Answer: b  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ An organization is ______________. a. the physical location where people work b. a collection of individuals working for the collection same company same c. a deliberate arrangement of people to eliberate accomplish some specific purpose accomplish d. a group of individuals focused on profit group making for their shareholders making Answer: c  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Operatives are defined as employees who Operatives ___________. ___________. a. report to top executives b. report to middle managers c. supervise others d. have no others reporting to them Answer: d  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–4 True/False question †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The r oles of figurehead, leader, and liaison are The all interpersonal roles. all Managers who are effective at meeting Managers rganizational goals always act efficiently. organizational Determining who reports to whom is part of the Determining controlling function of management. controlling All organizations develop a structure that All defines and limits the behavior of members of the organization. the v  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. ? ? v 1–5 Blank filling †¢ †¢ †¢ Katz found that managers needed four Katz essential general skills: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Today, the basic management processes are Today, considered to be ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Mintzberg found that managers perform 10 found different roles, which can be grouped under hree categories: ( ), ( ), ( ).  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–6 Short Answer †¢ Explain what is meant by the term Explain â€Å"management†. †¢ Describe the four prim ary processes of Describe management. management. †¢ Summarize the essential roles performed by Summarize managers. managers. †¢ Describe the difference between managers and Describe operatives. operatives.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–7 History Module THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. XY ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1–9 Adam Smith’s Contribution To The Field Of Management †¢ Wrote the Wealth of Nations( ) (1776) Advocated the economic advantages that organizations Advocated and society would reap from the division of labor: Increased productivity by increasing each worker’s skill Increased and dexterity. Time saved that is commonly lost in changing tasks. Time The creation of labor-saving inventions and machin ery. The saving  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–10 The Industrial Revolution’s Influence On Management Practices †¢ Industrial Revolution Machine power began to substitute for human power Machine Lead to mass production of economical goods Lead Improved and less costly transportation systems Improved became available Created larger markets for goods. Created Larger organizations developed to serve larger Larger markets Created the need for formalized management practices. Created  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–11 I. Classical Contributions †¢ Classical Approach Classical The term used to describe the hypotheses of the The scientific management theorists and the general dministrative theorists. Scientific management theorists Scientific – Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Fredrick and Henry Gantt and General administrative theorists General – Henri Fayol and Max Weber  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–12 ——Frederick Taylor †¢  ·  · (1856-1915), â⠂¬ ¢ †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–13 Scientific Management †¢ Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) The Advocated the use of the scientific method to Advocated define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done Believed that increased efficiency could be achieved Believed by selecting the right people for the job and training them to do it precisely in the one best way. To motivate workers, he favored incentive wage To plans. Separated managerial work from operative work. Separated  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–14 †¢ †¢ †¢ â€Å" †, , : 1. ; 2.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–15 †¢ , , : (Time Study)†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ , â€Å" (Motion Study)†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ , , ?, , , , ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–16 †¢ Shovel Experiment Shovel †¢ Pig-iron Experiment †¢ High-speed Steel Experiment  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–17 †¢ : †¢ : , 22P ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–18 †¢ â₠¬ ¢ 12T, :47. 5T †¢ :$1. 15, :$1. 85 †¢ —— †¢ , —— †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–19 †¢ 26? †¢ 80 †¢ †¢ , †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. †¢ 1–20 Taylor’s Four Principles of Management P24 1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which replaces the old rule-of thumb method. 2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. (Previously, workers chose their own work and trained themselves as best they could. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. (Previously, almost all the work and the greater part of the respons ibility were thrown upon the workers. )  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–21 P24 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ :1911 : ; , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–22 †¢ :  · ?, —— , 12 20? , ?1 30? , 1921 1  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–23 †¢ â€Å" † , †¢ , ?, , (? )?  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–24 (2) †¢ , , ?:â€Å" , , , , † †¢ , , —— .  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–25  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–26 General Administrative Theory †¢ General Administrative Theorists General Developed general theories of what managers do Developed and what constitutes good management practice Henri Fayol (France) Henri Fourteen Principles of Management: Fundamental Fourteen or universal principles of management practice †¢ Ideal bureaucracy Ideal Max Weber (Germany) Max Bureaucracy: Ideal type of organization Bureaucracy: haracterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–27  · †¢ 1860 ? · †¢ †¢ â€Å"? †, †¢ 40 (Henry Fayol, 1841-1925),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–28 : 1916 †¢ †¢ : †¢ :14  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–29 EXHIBIT HM–2 Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Management 1. Division of Work 8. Centralization 2. Authority 9. Scalar Chain 3. Discipline 10. Order 4. Unity of Command 11. Equity 5. Unity of Direction 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel 6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de Corps 7. Remuneration  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–30  · †¢ ? †¢ †¢ : †¢ †¢ †¢  · (Max Weber, 1864-1920),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–31 EXHIBIT HM–3 Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy 1. Division of Labor 2. Authority Hierarchy 3. Formal Selection 4. Formal Rules and Regulations 5. Impersonality 6. Career Orientation  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–32 ? ? , :  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–33 II.  · †¢ 1924-1932 (Hawthorne) †¢ (George Elton Mayo, 1880-1949),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–34 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Illumination Experiment Incentives Experiment  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1923-1927 927-1929 1929-1932 1929-1932 1–35 Hawthorne Studies †¢ A series of studies done during the 1920s and series 1930s that provided new insights into group norms and behaviors norms Hawthorne effect Hawthorne Social norms or standards of the group are the Social key determinants of individual work behavior. †¢ Changed the prevalent view of the time that Changed people were no different than machines. people  © 200 8 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–36 MG2-25 †¢ â€Å" † ?â€Å" † †¢ , †¢ , †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. –37 —— A B ( — ) C D E F G H  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–38 MG2-26 ? ? †¢ ( ), , †¢ : â€Å" † †¢ â€Å"? †  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–39 II. Human Relations Movement †¢ Based on a belief in the importance of Based employee satisfaction—a satisfied worker was employee satisfied believed to be a productive worker. believed †¢ Advocates believed in people’s capabilities and capabilities ere concerned with making management practices more humane. practices Dale Carnegie . Dale Abraham Maslow Abraham Douglas McGregor Douglas  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–40 III. The Quantitative Approach †¢ Operations Research (Management Science) Evolved out of the development of mathematical and Evolved statistical solutions to military problems during World War II. Involves the use of statistics, optimization models, Involves information models, and computer simulations to improve management decision making for planning and control.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–41 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ , , ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–42 Social Events That Shaped Management Approaches †¢ Classical Approach The desire for increased efficiency of labor intensive The operations †¢ Human Resources Approach The backlash to the overly mechanistic view of The employees held by the classicists. The Great Depression( ) The †¢ The Quantitative Approaches World War II armament production World  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–43 IV. Management Theory Jungle (Harold Koontz) Management †¢ In 1961, Harold Koontz concluded that there existed a â€Å"Management Theory Jungle† ( ) †¢ The diversity of approaches to the study of The management—functions, quantitative emphasis, management functions, human relations approaches—each offer human each something to management theory, but many are only managerial tools.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–44 Management Theory Jungle , †¢ (Harold Koontz) â€Å" †? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ (? ) The Management Process School (? The Empirical School The (? ) The Human Behavior School (? ) The Social System School (? ) The Decision Theory School (? ) The Mathematical School  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–45 What is the Process Approach? †¢ Process Approach Process Planning, leading, and controlling activities are Planning, circular and contin uous functions of management. †¢ †¢ †¢ ,  ·? ?, â€Å" †, †¢ †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–46 How to cite Management History Module, Papers

Work and Organization Employee Engagement

Question: Discuss about theWork and Organizationfor Employee Engagement. Answer: Change in Workforce and its Impact on Employee Engagement: Workforce can be defined as the labor force or the pool of people that are available or already engaged in some of the work in the country. There are various factors that can contribute in farming the workforce composition (Macey, Schneider, Barbera and Young, 2011). The age, demographics, sex etc. are some of them that have greater impact on the workforce and its characteristics. The labor force or the supply and demand of labor in the market is also driving force that changes the workforce composition of any of the country. As far as Australia is considered, there are many changes that have been observed in the workforce composition of the country since years. Some of the occupations that were existed in 1990 are not present today and thus the workforce does not engage in such jobs in recent times. The three main shifts in the ages, demographics and the gender made modifications in the workforce composition in Australia (Chao L. E., 2014) The shift that has been observed in the wor kforce composition is modern in nature. Rate of unemployment in Australia is decreasing day by day; this is because more and more of the Australian population is getting engaged in the jobs. The changes in the unemployment rate of Australia also affect the changes in the labor market. The people who are not engaged in work earlier are also working these days. The most important change that have been observed in the workforce composition in Australia as well as in world are related to engagement of females in most of the jobs and rise in employment to population ratio. This suggests that more and more women are focusing on leaving their houses and doing some kind of corporate jobs in Australia and in world as well as the number of employed people is also increasing with respect to the population of the country (James, McKechnie and Swanberg, 2011). It is not only the changes in the demography that is affecting the workforce but the external environment changes are also affecting the workforce in the organization these days. Earlier the workforce that works in the organization was stable in nature. The employees used to be loyal with the organization and stick to the one they work with. In recent years, the concept of full time roles of the employees has been lost (Stone, 2013). People work on contract basis or part time basis. The advancement in technology allows the employees to work from home and thus creates flexibility for the employees to work. The changing workforce affects many factors in the organization such as its motivational policies, employee engagement policies, leadership and organizational structure etc. The changes that occur in the workforce composition affect the engagement of the employees in the organization. Employment life of the employees has different stages and at these different stages they have differed perception and level of involvement towards their work (Cummings and Worley, 2014). At younger age of the working life, the employees have less attachment towards their job the organization and thus they never try to engage in the activities of the organization. On other end, organization also does not involve the new employees who are not found to be responsible enough in the decision-making process. This is because they will never make any relevant argument and thus waste the time and resources of the organization. However, analyzing the change in the workforce is the sign that organization need to make more efforts towards employee engagement (Bridges and Bridges, 2017). This is because; it is the era of Job hopping. The employees are hunting for new jobs now and then t hat can provide them exposure to new technology and environment. Today, employees do not believe in staying in a company for so long thus it require the organization to create an environment that forces the employees to stick to their organizations only. This develops the need of more employee engagement strategies in the organization. Some of the strategies that have been required to be implemented in order to engage the employees are growth opportunities, involvement of employees indecision making processes, providing the employees with the culture of learning in the organization so that the employees can learn more and more thing in the same organization without switching their jobs (Ng, Lyons and Schweitzer, 2012). Developing team work in the organization is also a strategy that helps in engaging the employees. This is because collaborative approach of working provides an environment of learning and developing skills at personal and professional level. This development for the young employees is very important so that they can improve their communication skills along with their technical skills (Espinoza and Ukleja, 2016). To summarize, it can said that there are various changes that has been occurred in the workforce from inception to present. Changes such as involvement of female workers, changing in the needs of the employees, generation of part time job concept etc. have been observed in the recent years workforce composition. As the employees work at contractual basis, so they have the opportunity to move to the other organization very easily and most of the times the present organization fails to retain the talent with them as other organization or the competitors try to acquire the talented employees (Podsiadlowski, Grschke, Kogler, Springer and Van Der Zee, 2013). These changes should be analyzed by the management of the organizations and thus they have to make efforts in implementing the strategy that can help in engaging more and more employees to the organization for long time. Employee engagement is more necessary for todays workforce because they are not that much loyal to the organization and always ready to switch their jobs in greed of higher package and more exposure (Vance and Paik, 2015). The mangers need to create that learning environment and growth opportunities in the firm so that the employees can remain in the same organization for long. References: Bridges, W. and Bridges, S., 2017.Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Da Capo Press. Chao L. E.,2014. 21st Century Workforce: Change, Challenge Opportunity, Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics Public Policy, vol. 20(2), pp.785-790. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Espinoza, C. and Ukleja, M., 2016.Managing the Millennials: Discover the core competencies for managing today's workforce. John Wiley Sons. James, J.B., McKechnie, S. and Swanberg, J., 2011. Predicting employee engagement in an age?diverse retail workforce.Journal of Organizational Behavior,32(2), pp.173-196. Macey, W.H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K.M. and Young, S.A., 2011.Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage(Vol. 31). John Wiley Sons. Ng, E., Lyons, S.T. and Schweitzer, L. eds., 2012.Managing the new workforce: International perspectives on the millennial generation. Edward Elgar Publishing. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and Van Der Zee, K., 2013. Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.159-175. Stone, R.J., 2013.Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Vance, C.M. and Paik, Y., 2015.Managing a global workforce. Routledge.

7 GIFs to Celebrate #NationalPizzaDay

​Today might be the single most important day of the entire year: National Pizza Day. To celebrate one of the finest snacks ever created, we wanted to remind you just how important pizza is. 1. Just look at how beautiful pizza is cooking in the oven; the cheese and sauce bubbling together to create perfect harmony, the crust crisping to add just the right amount of crunch, the toppings blending in beautifully to become the wonder we know as ‘pizza’. 2. Perhaps the master of all things food related, Homer Simpson even knows how valuable pizza is. Who wouldn’t want to immerse themselves, becoming one with pizza? 3. ALL YOU CAN THINK ABOUT IS PIZZA. 4. Frosted tips, perfectly placed asterisks, and Justin Timberlake. N*SYNC borders on tears just thinking about pizza. 5. Arguably the greatest rodeo on the planet. 6. The fear on Han’s face shows just how important pizza is. 7. Kitties, lasers, space, and pizza. What else do we need to say? BONUS: The Donald (from SNL) loves his pizza so much, he wants to be pizza.

Telfono de informacin a migrantes mexicanos

Telfono de informacin a migrantes mexicanos Los mexicanos en Estados Unidos o en Mà ©xico pero con familiares en el paà ­s del Norte tienen a su disposicià ³n un nà ºmero de telà ©fono al que pueden llamar para resolver sus inquietudes migratorias y consulares y tambià ©n sobre detenidos o desaparecidos. Es el telà ©fono del Centro de Informacià ³n y Atencià ³n a Migrantes (CIAM, por sus siglas). Es un gran call center ubicado en Tucson, Arizona, pero que resuelve inquietudes y presta un gran servicio social a mexicanos en todo Estados Unidos. Es decir, pueden llamar sin importar donde està ©n. Las llamadas dentro de los Estados Unidos son gratis. Adems, el CIAM cuenta con un nà ºmero al que se puede marcar desde Mà ©xico y que es muy à ºtil para los familiares de personas que han migrado a los Estados Unidos.   No importa la condicià ³n migratoria de la persona que llama o del migrante sobre el que se quiere saber el paradero. En este artà ­culo se explica:quà © tipo de inquietudes resuelve la CIAMcules son los telà ©fonos a marcar tanto desde Estados Unidos como desde Mà ©xicocul es el horario y los dà ­as para llamar Quà © informacià ³n o ayuda puede brindar el CIAM Se puede llamar al CIAM si se tiene inquietudes sobre: El paradero de un familiar que cruzà ³ ilegalmente a los Estados Unidos. Los operadores del CIAM pueden llamar a los centros de migrantes de las zonas fronterizas y tambià ©n, en casos extremos en los que se tema por la vida de una persona que puede estar extraviada en el desierto, a la Patrulla Fronteriza.   Tambià ©n se resuelven inquietudes sobre la localizacià ³n de personas detenidas. Se ayuda a buscar en la base de datos de Inmigracià ³n. Asimismo, realizan bà ºsquedas en bases de datos pà ºblicas de las Cortes, de los  departamentos de sheriffs y de los distintos estados. Tambià ©n se informa de cà ³mo enviar dinero y cartas a familiares detenidos. Asimismo, los migrantes detenidos pueden marcar el nà ºmero de la CIAM, porque es gratuito y, por lo tanto, es algo que pueden hacer desde prisià ³n. Y a partir de ahà ­ los presos pueden pedirle al operador  que se comunique con la familia del detenido en Estados Unidos o en Mà ©xico. Se puede solicitar informacià ³n migratoria. Por ejemplo, de cules son los requisitos para beneficiarse de la Accià ³n Diferida (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que afecta a miles de muchachos mexicanos. Y tambià ©n sobre posibles cambios en las leyes migratorias. Tambià ©n brinda informacià ³n sobre quà © hacer y dà ³nde pedir ayuda en casos de violencia domà ©stica, trfico de personas, asalto sexual, và ­ctimas de violencia  o fraude de derechos laborales. Se pueden hacer preguntas consulares, como renovacià ³n de pasaportes o cà ³mo hacer para tramitar un pago de pensià ³n de alimentos o cà ³mo sacar en un consulado la matrà ­cula consular. Se brinda informacià ³n sobre programas de educacià ³n y sanidad en todo Estados Unidos a travà ©s del Instituto de Mexicanos en el Exterior y Ventanillas de Salud. La CIAM tambià ©n realiza recomendaciones para abogados de inmigracià ³n de confianza y reputados y tambià ©n organizaciones de ayuda a migrantes sin fines de lucro en el lugar de residencia de la persona que llama. Tambià ©n se puede pedir ayuda para proceder a la identificacià ³n de cadveres e informacià ³n sobre quà © hacer para el traslado de fallecidos. Es posible que el CIAM no pueda resolver todo el problema o gestià ³n por la que se llama y que se realice una referencia a un consulado cercano al lugar desde donde se llama. Pero indicarn quà © hacer y a quà © oficina hay que dirigirse. Finalmente,  hay que tener en cuenta es que si se busca a una persona de la que no se sabe su paradero o est detenida, el operario del call center pedir datos con los que poder confirmar que el que solicita la informacià ³n es un familiar del desaparecido o detenido.   Esto es asà ­ para proteger a los migrantes y evitar dar datos sobre ellos a personas que pueden perseguir intereses perjudiciales para los inmigrantes, como por ejemplo, los coyotes. Telà ©fonos para solicitar asistencia Desde Estados Unidos, marcar al: 1-855-4636395. O lo que es lo mismo: 1-855-INFO- 395, si es asà ­ ms fcil de recordar.  La llamada no tiene costo si se marca desde los Estados Unidos. Desde Mà ©xico, marcar al: 001-520-623-7874. Esta es una llamada internacional y sà ­ tiene un costo. Horario del telà ©fono Hay operarios contestando el telà ©fono los siete dà ­as de la semana, es decir, de lunes a domingo, en horario de 8 de la maà ±ana a 12 de la noche (huso horario de la Costa Este de Estados Unidos, que comprende estados como Nueva York, Nueva Jersey, Virginia o Florida). En la Zona Central, que comprende estados como Texas e Illinois, es una hora menos. Es decir, en hora local llamar desde las 7 de la maà ±ana a las 11 de la noche. En la Zona de Montaà ±a son dos horas menos que en la Costa Este, por lo tanto llamar desde las 6 de la maà ±ana a las 10 de la noche. Comprende estados como Arizona y Nuevo Mà ©xico.   En la Costa del Pacà ­fico son tres horas menos que en la Costa Este. Por lo tanto marcar entre las 5 de la maà ±ana y las 9 de la noche. Entre los estados con este horario se encuentran California, Oregà ³n, Washington y Nevada. En Alaska son 4 horas menos que en la Costa Este. Marcar entre las 4 de la maà ±ana y las 8 de la noche. En Hawaii son 5 horas menos que en la Costa Este. Marcar entre las 3 de la maà ±ana y las 7 de la tarde. En Mà ©xico   en el D.F.o en Guadalajara, es una hora menos que en la Costa Este. Marcar entre las 7 de la maà ±ana y las 11 de la noche. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asistencia legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance Research Paper - 2

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance - Research Paper Example This will help educators and students to detect bias in books, in the media and other reading materials. It is high time publishers and writers became objective and try not to undermine the beliefs of others. Most educative materials are bias and do not have a global perspective. It is, therefore, time there is a change to the approach of doing things. The society is not equal since some are advantage unlike some. Educational opportunities are not available for all. Equity pedagogy aims at providing equal opportunities to all in the society. Transforming of the schools will help in promoting national unity and harmony. Multicultural competency helps an individual to improve his or her way of perceiving, believing, evaluating and problem solving. The fact is people are self-centered and do not care about others. Cross cultural interaction and exchange is slowly making people understand the significance of cohesion. There is inequality in the society because of stereotypes and tendenci es of prejudice. There are many myths about other people’s culture and this has a negative effect on how communities relate. Some communities make others feel inferior causing hatred and animosity. Lack of cultural interaction is the main cause to the problem. It is hence vital for stakeholders to embrace multicultural education system since it will provide solid solutions that are long term. Answers to part B and C Culture refers t the knowledge, values, experience, attitudes, religion, concepts of the universe and spatial relationships developed by a group of individuals through both group and individual striving. Culture also entails the patterns of behavior developed and transmitted from one generation to another. Various cultural groups think act and feel differently depending on their beliefs. There are no scientific standards to determine which group is superior or inferior (Knight 2004). Multi cultural education refers to inter discipline and cross-curricular educatio n that prepares students to work and live in a diverse environment. Respect and appreciation of cross-culture is increasing gaining momentum throughout the world. It is encouraging and impressive that students are learning cultures outside those of their own. This helps them interact well with people of different cultures. Multicultural education provides an opportunity for learning institutions to create cultural awareness among students though the various students’ organization. This equips students with the skills they need to interact with other people having different cultures and beliefs. As globalization is taking shape and businesses expanding, cross-cultural interaction is on the rise. As more people from different cultures interact, they exchange the cultures and learn to compromise with what other people think and feel (Johanna, 2000). Multicultural education is principal in addressing cultural differences and cultural bias because it encourages respect and appreci ations of other people’s beliefs. In an educational setting, students become aware on the cultures of other people, reasons as to why they behave the way they do and why it is crucial to respect other people believes (Knight, 2004).Multicultural educa

King Kong (1933) and Scarface (1932) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

King Kong (1933) and Scarface (1932) - Essay Example But for film makers to present their stories in an excellent manner there are a couple of factors they need to be considered. These factors may be numerous but are highly interrelated and thus they have to ensure that each of them is well connected to the total make up of the film. Three of these factors are story structure, cinematography and editing. In instances where any of these three pillars is misplaced, there is a very high tendency that the whole story of the film will be misplaced and this would affect the subtext stories used in the film production. The present essay therefore looks at how makers of the two films King Kong (1933) and Scarface (1932) used the elements of story structure, editing and cinematography to bring out the subtext of their films clearly. Story structure of the two films The story structure of King Kong (1933) is set around the theme of love. Indeed, in the plot of the film, the producer is careful in presenting the theme of love in a clear cut manne r without ambiguity right from the start of the film. One of the major strengths in the film’s story structure would perhaps have to do with the fact that the film depicts the theme of love from several angels including love affair that was not built between two human beings. This is because at the beginning of the story structure, there is an indication of love for a person’s job when Carl Denham decided to look for a female actress by himself after Charles Weston refused to do so. The eagerness with which Carl set off in the search gave a strong undertone of a story of love for his work. Consequently, there is another story of love told between Ann and Driscoll, who until meeting Ann had said that a woman had no place on his ship. Indeed, Driscoll would throw his personality of toughness away to embrace love. As if this was enough on the subject of love, the gigantic beast known as Kong is introduced into the movie, only to come and also fall in love with the beautif ul Ann. Indeed, this was a mighty beast, which had the power of destroying the whole world at a go. But the only thing that would make it calm was the love of a beautiful woman. Without any doubt, the subtext in King Kong is the power of love in suppressing human personality. The story structure in the film Scarface (1932), was quite different from that of King Kong. This could greatly be blamed to the story line and the theme selected by the writer. Unlike King Kong, which had a central theme of love, the central theme in Scarface was power and authority. This was contrasting only in terms of how it was presented in the story structure. This is because King Kong also had a theme of power and authority vested in the character and personality of the Kong. However, this was not made to be the major running theme in the story structure of King Kong. Yet again, there was a theme of love in Scarface when Tony’s sister Cesca married Guino, who was Tony’s friend. Indeed, the writer had an option of making that love relationship a central theme in the story structure but that was left to the power and authority struggle that Tony and Lovo was going through. It was not for nothing that in the plot, the marriage ceremony between Cesca and Guino was made to be a secret one (Sanghi, 2007). In all this, the writer made the topic of love to the subtext of Scarface because at a time when Tony had deeply offended his sister and

Marketing Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Activities - Essay Example By moving its Apple Mac operating system from IBM and Freescale Semiconductor Intel chips, Apple has moved away from the up market computer image that it had, and is now positioned to attract any computer buyer (Lukovitz, 2007). Dell Computers has used the power of the Internet to provide awareness of its products and the place from where to acquire its products. To Dell Computers the Internet has been an extremely suitable means to provide the place of sale for its product of personal computers, targeting the market segment for personal and business purchase of computers. It is not that Dell computers has not used offline means to create awareness. It has used means like the television media for advertisements to create awareness, but has found the Internet more powerful and easier to gauge response of its promotional activities. The successful use of the Internet is what has powered Dell Computers to its leading position in the personal computer market (Enos, 2001). In a move to make use of the powerful players on the Internet, Dell Computers has strategically tied up with leader in Web search and advertising Google to ward off the threat from Hewlett-Packard. It will provide its Google desktop with Googl e Toolbar software on its personal computers, while Google will help create awareness and sales of the new PowerEdge servers from Dell. These efforts stem from competitor activities to cut into Dell’s market share through reduction in price. (Dells New Marketing Strategy - Google, Servers & Storage Systems). Dell Computers also uses innovative offline marketing promotion strategies. An example of this is in its attempts to reach out to the student market for personal computers and laptops. In 2007, it tested the promotion of its products through student’s mobile devices, using a free offer for a plasma TV and free music download, for

Child labour: Is it a Necessary Evil?

Child labour: Is it a Necessary Evil? Now days, the complex and universal problem of child labor have become a harsh reality attracting worldwide attention. The prevalence of child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and physically as well as morally dangerous. No doubt, labour is worship but child labour in dangerous and a blot on the conscience of society. It is a sad affair that child labour is deprived of his youthful life, education and thus prospects of higher level of living. Child labour perpetuates poverty, it does not reduce it as it condemns one generation after another to its vicious circle. Child labour harms the progress and prosperity of a nation. Throwing light on this fact, John has rightly said, Starve a child of food, of affection, of freedom, of education and you produce an adult who is stunted as an individual and holds back progress and development rather than accelerate it. Our country is also facing this critical problem of child labor. A wide variation is seen in the estimation of child labor in country. According to 1971, 1981 and 1991 census of India, the number of working children accounted for 10.74 million, 13.60 million and 11.28 million respectively. The ORG has estimated that the number of child labor is closer to 44 million. According to U.N., 55% of the work force in India is made up of child labor. It is normally seen that employers do not always provide accurate data on child labor in order to safeguard themselves from legal hassles. It was pointed out in the World Conference on Children that the number of child labor in the world is about 25 crore, out of which the maximum number about 10 crore is found in India alone. It is estimated that about 7.5 crore are engaged in rural areas while remaining 2.5 crore are employed in urban areas. Alarmed at this critical problem, ILO has also estimated that India alone accounts for one fourth of tot al child labor of the world. Childlabor is rampant across the country. Children can be seen working in agricultural fields, carpet and durri industries, biri, handicraft, match box, glass and bangle industries, in restaurants and as domestic servants. It is estimated that 30 per cent of child labor is engaged in agriculture and allied activities, 30 to 35 percent in industries and remaining are engaged in mining, tea gardens and hotels etc. These occupations are hazardous, causing severe physical damage to them and thus inhibiting their mental, moral and social development. These child laborers become prey to many fatal diseases, like T.B., Cancer, Asthma, lungs and skin related diseases. The sad plight of child labor is depicted by Sudha and Tiwari in these words,It is really sad to note that children in most of the developing countries are living miserable, cheerless lives, toiling unendlessly to ward off starvation, totally deprived of all comforts and opportunities for self growth and development. Poverty, unemployment, traditional attitude, marginalization of farms, urbanization, lack of schools, reluctance of parents to send their children to schools are the factors responsible for the problem of child labour. In fact, poverty is seen as the major factor responsible for this problem. Poor parents hardly have time for their children because they are all the time struggling for bread and butter. They are not in a position to fulfill their responsibilities towards children. In reality, the children are supposed to be the extra earning hands, rather than extra mouths to feed. Children are made to work at a very young age. Emphasizing this factor, the report of the Committee on Child Labor commented, Stronger than tradition is the factor of chronic poverty responsible for the prevalence and perpetuation of child labor. In poor families, the child, since his very appearance in this world, is endowed with an economic mission.The child is compelled to shed sweat of brow to keep the wolf away from the door. Large sized families are also held responsible for this problem. Again, most of the workers are engaged in non organized sector. The inadequacy of wages in this sector compels these workers to send their children on work to supplement their income. Availability of child labor at lower wages also motivates the employers to employ them. The employment of the child labor not only reduces the cost of production but also provides access to that labor which is unresisting and unorganized. As a result of this trend, the wages of other adult workers decline, adult unemployment increases and that paves way for the poverty. Nurses vicious circle of poverty explains the phenomenon of child labor clearly. Thus, child labor is an exploitation of child by the vested interests. On the one side, there is compulsion of poor parents and on the other side; the unresponsive attitude of specific industries is also responsible for this problem. The situation of child laborers in India is desperate. Children work for eight hours at a stretch with only a small break for meals. The meals are also frugal and the children are ill nourished. Most of the migrant children, who cannot go home, sleep at their work place, which is very bad for their health and development. Seventy five percent of Indian population still resides in rural areas and are very poor. Children in rural families who are ailing with poverty perceive their children as an income generating resource to supplement the family income. Parents sacrifice their childrens education to fulfill the basic needs of their younger siblings and view them as wage earners for the entire family. Irrelevance of education in practical life is also considered an important factor for this problem. It is rightly pointed out, A secondary reason for child labor is that many children choose to work because neither they nor their poverty stricken families see the point of acquiring an education which has little relevance to their lives and which moreover does not guarantee them a job. They prepare to undergo some kind of apprenticeship so that they can learn a skill and earn money at the same time. These children are deprived of their childhood. The prospects of getting good education and good jobs become a distant dream for them. Thus, the parents, society and the state are responsible for thi s criminal injustice with the future citizens. Children are flowers of our national garden they should be nurtured with love and affection so that; they grow into responsible and responsive citizens. Child labour has important demographic and social-economic implications for developing countries like India. Many provisions have been made in the constitution of the country to promote the welfare and development of children. Under Article 29 of the constitution, no child below the age of 14 can be deployed in any hazardous work. Article 23 prohibits forced labour. The chapter IV of theIndian constitution mentions specific directions related to the welfare of children. In Article 39, it is made obligatory for the states to formulate polices in such a way so that the healthy development of children can be ensured. To safeguard the interests of these deprived children, various laws have been enacted in the country. Many legislations have been passed to prevent the employment of children in hazardous occupations and to improve their working conditions. Many policies have also been formulated for the healthy and balanced development of children. In the same way, there are important legislations which provide legal protection to child labour in India. Some of them are following: 1. Child (Pledging of labour). Act (Government of India, 1933) 2. The Employment of Children Act (Government of India, 1938) 3. The Minimum wages Act, 1948 4. The factories Act, 1948 5. The Plantation Labour Act, 1951 6. The Mines Act, 1952 7. The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 8. The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961 9. The Apprentices Act, 1961 10. The Bedi and Cigar Workers Act, 1966 11. State Shops and Establishment Acts, 12. According to the National Policy for children, 1974, no child under 14 years can be engaged in any hazardous occupation. It is also laid down in the policy that children should be protected against neglect, cruelty and exploitation. Again, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was initialed in 1986 to ban childrens employment in 70 hazardous occupations. National Child Labour Project (NCLP) was also launched by Labour Ministry in 1988 to rehabilitate working children. In Oct, 2006, the Government has passed legislation to ban the employment of children below 14 years in restaurants, hotels, tea-stalls, eateries and as domestic laborers. India has also become a signatory to various international declarations and agreements to regulate the menace of child labour. So, it has become obligatory for the country to undertake the measures to eliminate the scourge of child labour which has assumed serious proportions in recent years. Many policies have been formulated for the healthy and balanced development of children. The Government has launched Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid Day Meal Scheme, Education Guarantee programme etc to bring the child labour under the umbrella of education. Non Governmental Organizations were also permitted to open residential schools for these children to bring them back to the mainstream of the society. Residential and special schools have also been setup for the education of child labor. In 2006 the Government has introduced Integrated Child Development services aimed at providing a package of services consisting of supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check up and education and non-form al education. In spite of adoption and implementation of various policies, laws and programmes by the government directly or indirectly, the problem of child labor is still staring at us. Due to ignorance, illiteracy and economic compulsions of the poor families, these laws are evaded at different places at different points of time. Weak enforcement machinery, little information related to child labor laws and peculiar socio-economic conditions are also the factors responsible for the avoidance of laws related to children. To check the problem of child labour, it is essential to eradicate the menace of poverty by improving agriculture sector, providing employment to unemployed hands at minimum wages, establishing agro-processing units in rural areas. Stringent measures should also be taken to make employment generation and poverty eradication plans effective and successful and corruption free. In the same way, population control measures and other medical facilities must be provided to the poor section of the country. Adequate school facilities, provision of night schools, improvement in school environment and curricula of education can also contribute a lot in solving this critical problem. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) should also ensure that rescued child labourers do not return to work. So every effort must be made for the repatriation of rescued child labourers to their native places. Poverty, unemployment and illiteracy are the prime reasons responsible for this problem. So efforts must be made to eradicate these causes. Monetary incentives and income generating assets must be provided to poor families so that they are not compelled to send their children to work. It is essential to compensate the families of those children who are being withdrawn from work force. A strong socio-political environment must be achieved with the active cooperation of people, society, and non government organization. NGOs must motivate the parents to provide education, health care and skill development facilities to their children. Special schools may be set up for the child labor so they can acquire minimum qualifications. In the same way, specific strategies must be evolved keeping in mind the nature of work in which the child is currently engaged. Thus, a joint effort of government, NGOs and society is required to solve this critical problem. We should try to strike at the root ca use of this critical problem. Efforts should be made to change the attitude and mindset of the people towards their children. We should never forget that todays children are tomorrows citizen. If this critical problem is not tackled urgently, we can well imagine the future of our country in the days to come. 1

Symbols and Symbolism Essay - Role of Symbolism in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Crucial Role of Symbolism in The Great Gatsby The critic Harold Bloom once wrote, "Never has symbolism played such a crucial part in the very foundation of a novel as it does in Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby." The dictionary defines the word symbolism as, "The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships." The novel takes place during the summer of 1922, in Long Island and New York City. Daisy and Tom introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, a beautiful female golfer who cheats at the game; Nick and she begin a relationship. Not long after they meet, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle. Gatsby asks to speak to Jordan alone, and, through Jordan, Nick later learns more about his mysterious neighbor. Gatsby's extravagant lifestyle and wild parties are simply an attempt to impress Daisy. After an awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy restore their connection. Tom soon grows suspicious of his wife's relation ship with Gatsby. Daisy realizes that her marriage is to Tom, and Tom sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby, attempting to prove that Gatsby cannot hurt him. When Nick, Jordan, and Tom drive through the valley of ashes, however, they discover that Gatsby's car has hit and killed Myrtle, Tom's lover. They rush back to Long Island, where Nick learns from Gatsby that Daisy was driving the car when it struck Myrtle, but that Gatsby intends to take the blame. The next day, Tom tells Myrtle's husband, George, that Gatsby was the driver of the car. George then goes to find Gatsby; he finds him at his mansion and shoots him. An excellent example of symbolism in The Great Gatsby can be found in many places including, the ash heap, Gatsby's silk shirts, the green light, The Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, and Gatsby's library. The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are a pair of fading, "bespectacled" eyes painted on an old advertising billboard over the valley of ashes, "But above the grey land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a moment the eyes of Doctor T.

Poetry Analysis †Coleridge, Tennyson, Hopkins Essay

The Romantic poet Percy Shelley once wrote, â€Å"Poetry lifts the veil from the hidden beauty of the world, and makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar.† Both the Romantic and the Victorian periods of poetry followed Shelley’s vision of poetry as they exposed their respective societal issues. Romantic period lasted from1785 to 1830, a time in which England moved from an agrarian to industrial country and overall nationalistic ideals threatened the individuality of the poets and artists. The Romantic period of poetry was therefore very reactionary. It was a reaction to enlightenment ideas, to the disregard for human life in revolutions, and to the uniform of nationalism. The decay of social values that took place in the latter part of the Victorian period spurred many writers to shift the context of their work from the Romantic natural forms to education, women’s rights, and political ideologies. Though both periods produced a momentous achievements in structure, language, and musicality of the poetic movement, the Romantic period effectuated an extreme feat in poetry in a mere fifty years. Samuel Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† is a Romantic ballad in seven parts, with fairly regular quatrains. Its short sentence structure develops steady movement, allowing to the reader’s engagement to grow as the tale progresses and the speaker’s message is unveiled. The tetrameter structure reveals an explanation of the title; the Ancient Mariner orally recites his tale, teaching a universal lesson on nature’s value and the earth’s deserving of respect. Coleridge uses both dialogue and varying perspective to establish a credibility in his work. An omniscient narrator speaks of an instance where the â€Å"bright-eyed† Mariner tells his story to a wedding-guest and the effect the tale has on him; â€Å"a sadder and a wiser man, / He rise the morrow morn† (Coleridge 624-625). Coleridge often utilizes the effect of exclamation points when the Mariner is speaking to convey his passion, as in â€Å"Farewell, farewell! but this I tell / To thee, thou Wedding-Guest! / He prayeth well, who loveth well / Both man and bird and beast† (610-613). By capitalizing the first letter in various important words, Coleridge successfully enables to the reader to interpret a symbolic meaning behind the select terms. For instance, â€Å"Albatross,† though not a proper noun, is capitalized in each reference he makes to the creature yet when referring to the â€Å"water-snakes† and the â€Å"sky-lark† Coleridge does not capitalize the terms as they hold less symbolic value in the Mariner’s tale. ‘Is this the man? By him who died on cross, With his cruel bow he laid full low The harmless Albatross. The spirit who bideth by himself In the land of mist and snow, He loved the bird that loved the man Who shot him with his bow.’ (Coleridge 397-405) The Albatross is capitalized to depict the pure innocence and divinity of nature and God’s creations. Further interpretation also shows Coleridge’s capitalization of the Albatross to allude to Jesus Christ. Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"Crossing the Bar† is a comforting and uplifting Victorian Era poem about the end of life’s journey. Tennyson’s calm language and peaceful imagery envelop the reader in consoling compassion rather than a miserable mourning at the thought of a loved-one’s passing. He introduces the dwindling of life’s candle as he opens with a metaphor beautifully comparing life ending and death to â€Å"sunset and evening star† (Tennyson 1). Hoping for the end to be as painless as the sunset Tennyson alludes to the sound of the ocean thrusting against the sandbar, â€Å"And may there be no moaning of the bar, / When I put out to sea† (Tennyson 3-4). Tennyson’s word choice throughout the extended metaphor of this poem impels the reader to think carefully about what his meaning is, rather than take the literal sense. For instance, when Tennyson refers to turning â€Å"home again† his home is not meant to be the humble earthly abode in which he’s carried out his years; he instead is alluding to heaven (Tennyson 8). The imagery of the concluding stanza informs the reader of the entire poem’s meaning; â€Å"For though from out our bourne of Time and Place / The flood may bear me far, / I hope to see my Pilot face to face / When I have crossed the bar† (Tennyson 13-16). Here Tennyson’s meaning of the bar manifests as he alludes to meeting his creator in this striking image of crossing the ocean’s sand bar, the boundary of life and death, into the unknown afterlife. Upon reading Gerald Manley Hopkins’ â€Å"Spring and Fall: to a young child† it becomes difficult to stop oneself from creating a tune to match the beat of this musical Victorian Era poem. With an AABBCCDDDEEFFGG rhyme scheme the poem begins with three rhyming couplets, followed by a rhyming triplet, and concluded by another set of three rhyming couplets. The varying line lengths express the drama in the speaker’s voice; ranging from the short iambic triameter to the longer tetrameter exposing the speaker’s message. A strong biblical message is surfaced by the melodic and hymnic movement of this piece. Hopkins uses alliteration to make his point clearly understood. The repetition of the â€Å"W† words, in â€Å"Though worlds of wanwood leafmeal lie: / And yet you will weep and know why,† is used to tell Margaret about the changes maturity brings and the misery of knowledge (Hopkins 8-9). The alliterations used in the last rhyming couplet impart the speaker’s firm religious beliefs to the reader as Hopkins states â€Å"It is the blight man was born for, / It is Margaret you mourn for.† Hopkins uses the â€Å"B† and â€Å"M† words to emphasize the connection between her future sins and those made by Adam and Eve. As the speaker both open and closes this short poem repeating Margaret’s name he creates an alpha and omega image for the reader; Margaret is her beginning and her own end. Perfection derived from mayhem would be an apt description of William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood;† though perfection is not quite a befitting word to depict the pulchritude of this piece. This poem is both a reactionary piece, and a revelation of time, as the prefatory four stanzas were written at least two years prior to the latter seven. Through the chaos of its structure comes the beauty of one of Wordsworth’s most renowned poems. Following the aberrant nature of the Romantic poets, Wordsworth’s Ode is composed of eleven stanzas irregular in form, length, meter, and syntax.Though subtle in nature, this piece veraciously speaks the whispers of juvenescent truths as its title would suggest. â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood,† implies a dedication to the indications of eternal life, which from early childhood memories are stirred. Wordsworth’s way of adorning a beautifully worded poem with familiar images and symbolic undertones helps this poem to outshine others of its like. Swathed in epiphanic universal tenets this Ode is all but trivial. In the first two short stanzas Wordsworth introduces his dilemma; the speaker has lost touch with the celestial light which once had bedecked his corporeal life. He expresses his ability to appreciate the natural beauties of daily life but knows â€Å"there hath past away a glory from the earth† (Wordsworth 18). Wordsworth identifies the poignancy in life’s realization when childhood innocence is lost. Left with lingering questions of his embryonic virtue’s transience he concludes the first portion of his poem asking â€Å"Whither is fled the visionary gleam? / Where is it now, the glory and the dream?† (Wordsworth 56-57). With his questioning, Wordsworth obliges the reader’s musing on the eternal poignancy of this forsakenness. Two years time would pass before Wordsworth could conclude his enlightenment of the soul’s cyclic journey and the effect it has on man. He begins the fifth stanza with an intriguing metaphor: â€Å"our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting† (Wordsworth 58). Extended throughout the poem, the idea, that the soul pulls away from the glories of heaven as man ages, is not easy for the reader to grasp; thus Wordsworth explains â€Å"heaven lies about us in our infancy!† but with age heaven and its splendor â€Å"fade into the light of common day† (Wordsworth 76). The paradox, between the fading light of God and the overpowering light of daily life, is harsh but, comprehendible. As man grows closer to the natural earth he grows apart from the virtues of the ethereal heaven. To explain the shift man weathers, Wordsworth discusses the ways sanguine children become mechanic by making plans and charts; man takes pride in learning organization but in the process slights imagination. He continues on to address a child directly â€Å"thou Eye among the blind,† metaphorically telling the boy he provides a virtuous vision to those who have outgrown a strong bond with glory (Wordsworth 111). Though this bond is fleeting, Wordsworth finds happiness in the idea that man is always questioning; he realizes â€Å"O joy! that in our embers / Is something that doth live, / That nature yet remembers / What was so fugitive!† there is a connection deep within every man that drives him to search for the truths of life (Wordsworth 129-132). His use of ABAB rhyme scheme, alternating iambs, and the metaphor of the soul to a fire that burns low and hot makes this passage stand out to the reader and bring forth Wordsworth’s optimism. As he guides his reader through the climax of this Ode, Wordsworth incorporates heavy imagery and a more constant rhyme scheme. He explains that man cannot go back and relive the virtues of childhood but, will always have memories to bring him back to its glories: Though inland far we be, Our Souls have sight of that immortal sea Which brought us hither, Can in a moment travel thither, And see the Children sport upon the shore, And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore. (Wordsworth 161-167) He tells of how one is unable to experience these past memories but, can instead look back and observe the bliss of childhood as these recollections are immortal. Having recognized the joys that still are attainable he realizes his appreciation for the mortality of the somatic world. Though he no longer rolls as freely as the brook, he loves its beauty more than ever. Wordsworth imparts the value of this brief life on earth. Man must not view life’s course as a race. He reminds the reader of life’s impermanence, alluding to the Corinthians which suggest there is no great prize for first place in life’s race. Instead man should give thanks; â€Å"Thanks to the human heart by which we live, / Thanks to its tenderness, its joys, and fears, / To me the meanest flower that blows can give / Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears† (Wordsworth 200-203). Humanity blesses men with the power to treasure the meek and the ordinary, as long as man steps out of the race and stops to admire his surroundings.

A Just War Where Fake Faces the Reality

A Just War Where Fake Faces the Reality Plato’s Concept of War: Learning to be Decent In spite of the fact that the mankind has been leading wars all the history long, the periods of peace and quiet changing with the devastating fights, most philosophers take the humane approach when considering the idea of war, thus regarding the latter as inappropriate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Just War: Where Fake Faces the Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among them was the great Plato, who understood that even the resilience of the world could not take constant battles one changes with another. Claiming that war can be neither just, nor rescannable, he claims it to be one of those inevitable but destructing things. In his early works, Plato seemed to take the position which nowadays could be called a humanistic one, considering that the states at war are destined to face terrible disorders. Plato considered that there were actually no winners i n this game, for even the states which win the war are to face the devastation, the famine and the misery of the war. Plato’s logic was that both countries are destined in be in ruins as the war ends, and the tasted of victory would be far too bitter to triumph. In his dialogue with Alchibiades he says that he finds the war unjust and contradicting human’s nature. Arguing Achibiadus back his reasoning of war as an action completely unjust, he says: Soc.: Now, what of this? Whom will you advised the Athenians to wage war against, those behaving unjustly, or those practicing the just things? Alc.: What you are asking is a terrible thing; for even if someone had it in his mind that war ought to be waged against those practicing the just things, he would not admit to it, at least.[1] The sarcasm of Socrates cannot but be admired. With controversial statements he pushes his opponent to thinking that war is an unjust witch with an ugly face, a thing which has nothing to do w ith humanity and decency.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Augustine: Leading a Christian War Whenever there is a need to balance the justice between the states, either ruler has to resort to strict measures and to call people to protect their homeland and fight for the ideas which they appreciate most. According to Augustine, war can be used as a defense mechanism against the invaders or a weapon to fight with for people’s beliefs and faith. Augustine’s doctrine suggests that war can be just, and, moreover, that it has to be just. In his understanding, the sacred idea of protecting the homeland and the faith from the pagans and the unfaithful means more than the earthy life. The ideas of Augustine proclaim fighting for justice, and it seems that he was more than determined to win in his fight. Considering the just war as the means to restore the peace on the e arth, he interpreted the idea of war as the idea of serving the homeland and the religion of the forefathers. Taking into consideration Augustine’s understanding of peace and the peace in a state, it is possible to presume that Augustine considered war as another means of piece-making: Because the name â€Å"peace† is also frequently used with respect to things which are subject to death, where there is certainly no eternal life, we prefer to call the end of this city, where its highest good will be, â€Å"central life† rather than â€Å"peace†.[2] Thus, Augustine was gear up for war much more than Plato with his ideas of justice as peaceful problem-solving. Understanding that people are quite unlikely to submit to the other faith and other state ruler without struggling, Augustine considered war the only way to convert the unfaithful. To be more metaphorical, his idea of war was the position of a stronger state, while the mild ideas of Plato were the pos ition of the strongest state. The Two Ideas Compared Considering the viewpoints of both philosophers, it is necessary to say that Plato’s arguments on leading the war clash with the ideas of Augustine in quite a conflict. In contrast to the weighed and reasonable ideas of war which Plato suggests, Augustine molds the basis of the war ideology on the idea that war can be a means to achieve piece. In contrast to Augustine, Plato thinks that prudence and strategic thinking is the key element of war: â€Å"Don’t you know that when we make war we begin to wage war after accusing each other of some affront and what term we use when we begin?†[3] Plato wants to analyze the war, making it closer to a chess game where the leaders have to think logically and make its course more predictable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Just War: Where Fake Faces the Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A brillia nt strategist, Plato emphasizes the importance of the soldiers as the layer of society which will help the rulers to achieve the glory and to make the lives of the citizens safe. As a philosopher, Socrates understands that every element in the chain of state life is important; once letting one element loose, the chain will get broken for good. Thus, Plato’s strategy-and-order structure sounds as a well-thought idea of a state. In contrast to Plato, Augustine suggests something completely different. What Augustine makes prior for the state is the faith and the religion. In Augustine’s understanding of the duty of the Christians, the latter are supposed to fight for their ideas as hard as they can. Avoiding expressing his ideas of what makes a just war, Augustine still made it clear that the three elements of justice must be present to call war a decent fight. â€Å"The three jus ad bellum criteria of rightful (or legitimate) authority, just cause, and right intention, and even hint at the connection between the latter come to be called jus in bello†[4]. Thus, Augustine admits that war can be just, and he insists that there are certain elements which make it such. Owing to the fact that â€Å"Augustine was never elaborate in his comments on just cause†[5], it is possible to suggest that the great philosopher was more of a tactician, while Plato was a strategist, which predetermined the difference in their understanding of war. Nevertheless, the great theories of the ancient philosophers survived the time testing and reached our epoch. Denying the possibility if just war, Plato’s ideas prove not a bit less important than the ones of Augustine, and vice versa. The ideal war is impossible, so people had better start making the ideal peace. Bibliography Reighberg, Gregory M., Henric Syse and Endre Begby. The Ethics of War:  Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Print. Footnotes . Reighberg, Gregory M., Henric Syse and Endre Begby. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings (New York, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 22 . Reighberg, Gregory M., Henric Syse and Endre Begby. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings (New York, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 78 Reighberg, Gregory M., Henric Syse and Endre Begby. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings (New York, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 22 Reighberg, Gregory M., Henric Syse and Endre Begby. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings (New York, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 81 Reighberg, Gregory M., Henric Syse and Endre Begby. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings (New York, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 82

Can you revise some grammers and make good transitions between paragraphs

Can you revise some grammers and make good transitions between paragraphs? And also, find what causes gang and gun violence in school(with some quotations with bibliography:web address) and added in some where in my essay. In an era of the rising concern over public school violence, the controversy over the importance of mandatory uniform policy has been brought up as a debatable issue. Because of the controversial nature of this matter, those educators who advocate the uniform policy and those who condemn it are speaking out. One of the reasons that this issue was brought up is the degradation of school environment. Once considered sanctuaries of innocence and learning, American schools today are often perceived as dangerous places. The public recently has been busy by images of children shooting classmates and teachers, leading to fears that violence is becoming a horrifying "trend" in schools across the nation. Today, the main problems that cause school violence are gangs, firearms, and weapons. To reduce school crimes and enhance academic environment, some parents and school administrators, who believe that the uniforms will reduce gang activities, suggested enforcing the mandatory uniform p! olicy. However, their beliefs are misguided because the uniforms have no effects in contributing to a safer school environment; in addition, the uniforms bring further complex problems such as violation of the civil rights and economical problems. Instead of implementing mandatory uniform policy that causes additional problems besides school crimes, schools and the communities need to provide wiser procedures such as providing alternatives to gangs, restricting mass gun sales, and creating a visible law enforcement presence in the schools. These methods, unlike mandatory uniform policy, will not only prevent but also help in bringing an end to school violence. The leading cause of school violence in public schools today is ga...

Types of Unethical Behavior of Salesperson Assignment

Types of Unethical Behavior of Salesperson - Assignment Example First and foremost, the notion of PSIs is one that has been investigated for over fifty years and probes to pose a conflict in the arenas ob business and direct sales. PSIs are exactly what they sound like: they are incentives offered by manufacturers to salespeople. These incentives serve to encourage the salespeople to promote certain products often to the neglect of other competing products. One can clearly see the ethical dilemma posed by PSIs as they are sometimes equated to bribes in that their underlying purpose is to motivate the compensated salespeople to offer advice to a customer that might contradict their true feelings on the product as well as illicit a recommendation that might not have necessarily occurred in the absence of the incentive. If a salesperson is charged with the responsibility of selling a full array of products, how can he/she is good conscious sell products to a client who may be inferior or may not necessarily meet the requirements requested by the cus tomer Additionally, how are we to justify the bias that the presence of PSIs introduces into the selling process. This raises a very prudent concern in that the stakeholders may be given an inaccurate picture of the quality of the product through the use of deceptive sales practice (Radin & Oppenheimer, 2002). Another ethical issue raised within the field of sales is the notion that many salespersons are obligated to sell all of the products carried by a store. In some instances, the salesperson is aware of the fact that the product could possibly pose harm to the customer. In the course of a sale, the customer may reveal information to the salesperson which indicates that the product may not be good for the customer. For example, if a customer reveals that he/she suffers from a bad back and would like to purchase a sofa. The store may have only one sofa that fits the customer's need but it may be inappropriate for his/her bad back.  

Consumer Behaviour in Action Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Behaviour in Action - Coursework Example Need recognition results from imbalance between actual and desired states as a result of a stimulus that motivates the individual to make buying decision (Lamb et al. 2011). Stimulus may be internal such as hunger or external such as an advert. Need may arise if current product malfunctions, runs out or discovery of a more superior product. This prompts the buyer to start the decision process by gathering necessary information. However, if a product is available which satisfies the need, there is no need for information search. Information may be internal or external and depends on whether the buyer is highly involved with the product or not. The level of involvement depends on previous experience, interest, perceived risk, and situation (Lamb et al. 2011). Routine purchases and low-cost goods are low-involvement; therefore, do not require a lot of information. The buyer may even skip searching for information and make purchases. If buyer has previous product experience but is unfamiliar with current brand, he/she may search for little information hence low-involvement. However, if perceived risk is high, the buyer is highly involved thus extensive information is sought (Blythe, 2008). For example, a routine product like hotdog does not require more information while an expensive car or home is a high-involvement product requiring more information. Information can be from: personal sources like family, co-workers, friends; commercial such as advertising, salespeople, displays; public such as newspaper, TV, consumer organisations or experiential such as using the product. Information sought regards price, quality, compatibility, capability, among other attributes. Once buyer gets information, he/she carries out evaluation to determine the right choice among alternatives.

Problem in corrections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem in corrections - Research Paper Example tainee are technically organized to determine essential needs on health, social, and other relevant aspects of development by which the person may learn to outgrow crime-prone attributes. In my opinion, diversion if properly administered would attain to the principal goal of leading the involved parties at fault towards psychological renewal or even emotional reorientation for their own sake and the society that is directly impacted by their reformed attitude. Such desired end as characterized by a gradual change of heart in the process truly signifies relief for the system of justice given the number of other major cases or concerns in need of serious attention. An investment to monitor prisoners upon temporary or permanent release, I suppose, would further ensure quality of transformation to normal behavior and sound well-being apart from any criminal tendencies. When this objective is consistently met, the judicial system would no doubt come to the intended relief of prison units from overcrowding. Loewenstein, James. â€Å"Overcrowding Remains a Problem at County Jail.† thedailyreview. Retrieved from http://thedailyreview.com/news/overcrowding-remains-a-problem-at-county-jail-1.1299342 on April 24,

Free

Free Research Paper Example Essay I. INTEGRATED SCIENCE(Interaction: Environment and organism) II. COURSE PAPER: CASE STUDY Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear onEarth, and are present in most habitats on the planet, growing in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and deep in the Earths crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches. On February 6, 2013, scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5Ãâ€"1030) bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass that exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycles depending on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere andputrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and methane. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch ofmicrobiology. Most bacteria secrete a covering for themselves which we call a cell wall, However, bacterial cell walls are a totally different thing than the cell walls we talk about plants having. Bacterial cell walls do NOT contain cellulose like plant cell walls do. Bacterial cell walls are made mostly of a chemical called peptidoglycan (made of polypeptides bonded to modified sugars), but the amount and location of the peptidoglycan are different in the two possible types of cell walls, depending on the species of bacterium. Some antibiotics, like penicillin, inhibit the formation of the chemical cross linkages needed to make peptidoglycan. These antibiotics don’t outright kill the bacteria, but just stop them from being able to make more cell wall so they can grow. That’s why antibiotics must typically be taken for ten days until the bacteria, unable to grow, die of â€Å"old age†. If a person stops taking the antibiotic sooner, any living bacteria could start making peptidoglycan, grow, and reproduce. Bacteria were the most prominent creatures in the early stages of lifes history almost 4000 million years until 600 million years ago. Fossils called stromatolites can still be found and were made by Cyanobacteria. III. SOURCE/REFERENCES * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria * http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm * http://bacteriamuseum.org/cms/Bacteria/what-are-bacteria.html * http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/bacdr.html * http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/bacdr.html IV. CONTENT A. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE CASE Endogenous endophthalmitis is a potentially blinding ocular infection resulting from hematogenous spread from a remote primary source. The condition is relatively rare but may become more common as the number of chronically debilitated patients and the use of invasive procedures increase. Many etiologic organisms (gram-positive, gram-negative and fungal) have been reported to cause endogenous endophthalmitis. Risk factors are well defined and include most reasons for immune suppression. A high clinical suspicion is needed for early diagnosis and treatment. Early intravenous antibiotic therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment. The roles of intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomy are evolving and may become more widely accepted as therapeutic modalities. The authors report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis and provide a brief review of the literature. Endogenous endophthalmitis is defined as an intraocular infection resulting from hematogenous bacterial spread. It is relatively rare, accounting for 2 to 8 percent of all cases of endophthalmitis, and is associated with immunocompromised states, debilitating diseases and invasive procedures.1 Because of the rapid advance of medical technology, a longer life span of patients with chronic diseases and a rising prevalence of long-term intravenous access, the disease may become more common in clinical practice. It is important that the family physician be aware of endogenous endophthalmitis because early diagnosis and prompt aggressive treatment are imperative if vision loss is to be avoided. B. POINT OF VIEW Banana bacterial (Xanthomonas) wilt, first detected in Uganda in 2001, has since spread rapidly. Approximately one third of Ugandas banana growing land is now affected by the disease, which renders fruit inedible and ultimately kills the plant. The Ugandan government has been praised for its promptness in attempting to control the spread, but despite these efforts, and the encouraging success of control in some areas, the risk of further spread, both within and beyond Uganda, remains. Strengthening and refining the control effort is now clearly essential, but how should this be done, where are the research priorities, and what action should be taken by Ugandas neighbours? In July this year an expert consultation of senior stakeholders from policy, research and disease control, was convened at the UKs Central Science Laboratory near York. They offered New Agriculturist their points of view on the current status of the disease and the ways forward for control.

Earthing System Lightning

Earthing System Lightning 1.1Introduction Earthing system electrodes are used to divert high currents to the earth. Therefore a proper design of an earthing system is required to dissipate high currents magnitude to the earth safely regardless the fault type. Lightning and other surges subject the electrical power system to high magnitude and fast rise-time transient currents and voltages requires dissipation to earth in controlled methods. In order to minimise damage to the electrical equipments and safety measures have to be taken to protect the human beings. On high voltage transmission and distribution systems, lightning protection and insulation co-ordination schemes are employed to protect power system equipment from damage. The main factor that determines the effectiveness of these schemes is the soil resistivity properties of the earth. In this thesis, the performance of wind turbine earthing systems subjected to power frequency and impulses is investigated by considering both their high frequency and transient behaviour. 1.2 Earthing System Functions Earthing systems are designed primarily for power frequency earth fault conditions. However, certain plant within substations such as surge arresters will provide a path to earth for transient currents and in such cases the standards recommend the installation of a high frequency earth electrode, usually an earth rod [1.1]. High frequency earth electrode means that the earth rod is to dissipate to earth all the high frequency components of the transient. In practice, all the parts of the earthing system are interconnected and may play a role in the dissipation of both power frequency faults and surges. In the case of wind turbine there will earthing termination system especially designed for lightning protection. . 1.3 Components of earthing systems Generally, substation earthing grids consist of a system of conductors buried in the ground occupying an area related to the dimensions of the substation. Additional components may include the metallic sheaths of cables and earth wires of tower lines and their associated tower footings. These extended earth systems emanate from the substation and are bonded solidly to the earth grid. The performance of these components is difficult to predict because soil has a non-homogeneous resistivity ranging from 10 to 10,000 m [1.2]. 1.4 Wind turbine earthing system IEC 61400-24 IEC technical Report of wind turbine generation lightning protection [1.3] states that each turbine must be equipped with its own earth termination system, even if it connected to a general wind farm earthing system. The report [1.3] described the basic requirements for lightning protection of the windfarm. Earthing systems should be designed in accordance with ICE 61024-1 standard of lighting protection of structures [1.4]. This standard recommends two types of earth electrode systems for wind turbines and are referred to as Type A and Type B arrangements. 1.4.1Type A arrangement: This type employs of horizontal or vertical electrodes connected to each down conductor in the case of wind turbine the down conductor would be the wind turbine tower. 1.4.2Type B arrangement: This type uses a ring earth electrode external to the structure soil. A wind turbine normally uses the Type B arrangement with a ring earth electrode placed around the foundation reinforced [1.3] as can be seen in Figure 1. in the standard the ring earth requires to be in contact with the soil for at least 80% of its total length of a foundation earth electrode. The ring electrode should be buried to a depth of at least 0.5m. However, Additional vertical and horizontal earth electrodes may be used in combination with the ring electrode. The radius of the ring electrode will therefore normally be defined by the radius of the turbine foundation and extra conductors may have to be installed as stated below. Figure 1. Typical wind turbine earthing arrangement Foundation reinforced bar normally bonded to lightning protection earth Top view Wind turbine tower 2m vertical electrodes Transformer If the recommended 10W resistance by [1.4] is not achieved then an additional horizontal or f vertical electrodes may be used in combination with the ring electrode. Also, in the standard it states that no more than 50m of the horizontal electrode can be attached to the wind turbine, may be a low resistance value achieved, but could have high transient impedance due to high series impedance of the conductor. 1.5 Soil resistivity Conduction properties of soil are important, particularly its specific resistivity. The soil resistivity is one of the main factors determining the resistance of any earth electrode. Most soils and rocks are poor conductors of electricity when dry. The exceptions to this are certain mineral bodies. However when soils contain water, the resistivity drops, and they may then be considered as moderate conductors, although they are very poor when compared with metals. For example, pure copper resistivity is 1.6cm whilst a quite normal value for soil would be 10,000 cm. The resistivity is determined by the following factors: a) type of soil b) chemical composition of the soil c) concentration of salts dissolved in pore water d) overall moisture content e) temperature f) grain size and the distribution of grain size [1.2]. 1.6Tolerable voltage During a ground fault on a transmission line, a number of towers near the fault are likely to acquire high potential. Potential gradients are also set up in the ground surface and these may present a hazard to humans and livestock. These hazard voltages are generally referred to as touch and step potentials, which are defined [1.5] as follows: a) The touch potential is the difference between the earth potential rise (EPR) and the surface potential at the point where a person is standing, while at the same time having his hand in contact with a ground structure [1.5]. b) The step potential is the difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of 1m with his feet without contacting any other grounding object [1.5]. There are limits placed on the allowable EPR of an earthing system as stated in International Telecommunication Union ITU-T [1.6]. These limits are as follows. 650 V for sites fed from high reliability lines where faults are rare and cleared quickly (200 ms maximum). 430 V for sites fed from lines having standard protection. The limits of touch and step potentials are related to the current that can be withstood by a human body before there is a serious risk of fatality [1.5, 1.7]. A magnitude in the order of 50mA is sufficient to cause ventricular fibrillation, which will normally result in death [1.8-1.9]. 1.7 Standard Lightning Impulse The lightning impulse is characterised by three parameters, the peak current magnitude, the time to peak current and time to half peak current which is the time required for the current impulse to decay to half of its peak magnitude. However, standard lightning impulse shapes are generally described by the peak current or voltage and the time to the peak T1 and the time to the half peak T2 and usually written as T1/T2 in microseconds defined as the rise-time. e.g. a 10kA, 5/20ms. Figure 1.2 Lightning Impulse Lightning impulses are usually described by their peak current (or voltage) and by T1 and T2 written as T1/T2 in microseconds. e.g. a 10kA, 5/20ms impulse. 1.7 Standards Applicable to Earthing Systems There are UK and international standards provide guidelines to different earthing systems configurations design. These standards are concerned with power frequency earthing systems design and give limited guidance when earthing system subjected to transient conditions. These standards are: Engineering Association Technical Specification 41-24 (EA TS 41-24), Guidelines for the Design, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations (UK) [1.1]. This standard recognises that equipment such as surge arresters and CVTs are more likely to pass high frequency current due to the low impedance they present to steep fronted surges. This standard suggests that unless a low impedance earth connection is provided, the effectiveness of a surge arrester may be compromised. It is therefore recommended that the connection from the equipment to earth should be as short, and as free from changes in direction, as is practicable. Another guideline in the same standard states that the effectiveness of a surge arrester can be improved by placing a high frequency earth electrode in its immediate vicinity. The standard does not specify any quantitative limits such as over all earthing impedance limit. ANSI/IEEE standard 80 [1.5] Guide for safety in AC substation grounding widely used throughout the world. This standard does not provide detailed guidance for designing for earthing systems subjected to transient conditions. However, it considers that an earthing system that is designed to be safe for power frequency faults should also be safe for transient faults. This is based on the assumption that the human body can withstand higher currents for very short duration. It also considers the safety issues and defines the touch and step potential and provides equation which can be calculated. CENLEC HD 637 SI, Power Installation Exceeding 1kV ac or 1.5kV dc [1.10]. The standard provides measures to reduce the amount of interference created when surges are dissipated to earth. These measures include reducing the inductance of the current path by significantly meshed the earthing system. Moreover, the connection to the earthing system should be as short as possible. BS 6651 [3] Protection of structures against lightning the standard recommends that the earthing system designed for lightning protection should have an earth resistance of less than 10W. The same requirement appears in BS 61400-24:2002 Wind turbine generator system __ Lightning protection with some details regarding earthing system arrangements as mentioned previously. 1.9 Aims of the research Wind turbines become the largest growing electrical energy in the world. Wind farms, however, have particular requirements for earthing compared with conventional electrical installations. They are often very extensive, stretching over several kilometres and subject to frequent lightning strikes due to the height of the structures and their location on high rocky terrain with associated high earth resistivity. Consequence of these developments, there is an increase in fault current associated with windfarms and an increase in the probability of a lightning strike a wind turbine. Therefore, the protection of human beings and livestock becomes more important due to the trend towards large scale high capacity wind farms. The aims and the objectives of this work therefore can be summarised by the following: To review the methods that representing the wind turbine earthing system and their limitations To develop models that produce more accurate results. To use computer simulation to overcome problems in modelling of the wind turbines earthing system To carry out computer simulations in order to investigate the importance of the wind turbine steel tower in modelling of wind turbine earthing system. Design mitigation techniques for fast surge injections. To carry out soil resistivity using a 2-D technique in order to obtain a soil model to be used for Wind Turbine earthing simulations. To carry out dc, ac and impulse measurement of resistance/ impedance of an isolated wind turbine. To carry out dc, ac and impulse measurement of resistance/ impedance of the wind farm interconnected at the location of wind turbine used in point above. To carry out measurement of safety voltages (step and touch voltages) around an isolated wind turbine. To carry out measurement of safety voltages (step and touch voltages) around the same wind turbine when its earthing system is bonded / connected to the wind farm earthing network. To obtain details of the design and construction of the test wind turbine (s) for CDEGS simulation purposes. To draw conclusions and suggest recommendations for a better estimation of Wind farm earthing systems and related safety precautions. 1.10 References: [1.1] Technical Specification 41-24, Guidelines for the Design, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations, Electricity Association, 1992. [1.2] Tagg, G. F.: Earth Resistance. Gorge Newnes Limited. (London), 1964. [1.3] IEC Technical Report, Wind Turbine Generation System -24: Lightning Protection, TR61400-24, 2002. [1.4] IEC International Stand Protection of Strictures against Lightning IEC61024 -1998. [1.5] IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding, ANS/IEEE standard 80, 2000. [1.6] ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union): Calculating Induced Voltage and Currents in Practical Cases. Volume II, 1999 [1.7] International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Report 479-1: Effects of current passing through the human body, IEC, 1984. [1.8] Electricity Association: Engineering Recommendation S.34: A guide for assessing the rise of earth potential at substation sites. Engineering Management Conference, May 1986. [1.9] IEEE: IEEE Std 81.2-1991, IEEE Guide for measurement of Impedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended of Interconnected Grounding Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1991. [1.10] HD 637S1, Power Installations Exceeding 1kV AC, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) 1999. [1.11] BS 6651, Code of Practice for Protection of Structures Against Lightning, British Standards Institution, 1992.